History of Geisha Essay

Geisha recruitment seems to be a business wherein the indigenous people were the victims. Unfortunately this is the reality of life; one suffers while the other prospers. Another important contribution of Geisha is the preservation and performance of many Japanese dances. Dances like Mivako Odori and cherry dances which are based on Japan’s cultural value were the most common dances performed by Geisha. The red costume of the Geisha had a great significance in the Japanese culture and society. The use of red in their dress and makeup signifies beauty and happiness. The red underclothing was believed to ease the menstrual pain and maintain the good and healthy functioning of female reproductive system. Red is an erotic symbol for men. In fact they wear red lining under their own kimonos and apply red lipsticks made from petals of red flowers. In early times, the costumes of Geisha girls have warrior motifs which include hats and swords. But as time passes by and culture progresses, Geisha’s dress became feminine. Geisha is a culture which permits Japanese women to become independent and economically stable. It is believed that this is the only profession in which they are above men. It is one of the most important role of Geisha in society; keeping women at the height of men. Being intimate with men are part of the being a Geisha. Nearly all marriages in Japan were arranged by families of both parties. These marriages main goal is to preserve the present rank in the society rather than to seek peace and happiness. In this kind of situation, the man would normally have two women in his entire life. It was a common practice that wealthy and powerful men have a relationship with geisha. On other culture and religion this set up do not conform to morality. The Christianity sector would surely say that this is immoral. Unfaithfulness to your wife is considered a sin but still other may see it as something normal. Geisha is mysterious but beautiful creatures that represent the very old traditions of the Japanese. Now, modern geisha still reside in what they call okiya in flower towns especially during mentoring era. Most old and experienced geisha decide to live independently. They are often hired in parties or exclusive events at the tea houses and also to high-class restaurants in Japan. An incense stick serves as their clock for determining the spent time of each geisha in entertaining guest and visitors. Confusion still remains on what is really the nature geisha profession. An awful view about Geisha is that they serve as prostitutes. In western perspective, Geisha are known as expensive prostitutes. Geisha are entertainers and they are expected to entertain their customers in many ways such as reciting verse, playing musical instruments or simply by giving a good conversation but not to serve as sexual workers. Geisha’s arrangement also includes flirting with the customers and to do some playful and fancy innuendos but nothing more can be expected. Geisha strongly do not engage with sex with the customers even with money offerings. What they believed is that geisha are entertainer particularly sexual entertainers. This common notion about geisha made this decent and simple tradition to be a tradition full of immorality and sins. To attract costumers, prostitutes dressed and posed as a true geisha. Actually, a true geisha do not engaged with sexual relationship with her costumers. What they usually do is just entertainment. In fact, they were first and foremost entertainers. Geisha were invited to gatherings to keep thing in harmony and lively. They dance together with the guest, sing with them and played drinking games. Clearly, geisha are there for mere entertainment. The success of parties and celebrations are determined by the presence of geisha. Having several geisha in a party meant that the party host was wealthy and powerful. Geisha and the traditional high-class courtesans also know as oiran have similarities which lead to confusion. Like geisha, oiran also have their elaborate hairstyles and wear white make-up. Geisha are truly different with orian in a simple manner. Oiran tie their obi in the front and serve as prostitutes while Geisha in contrast usually tie their obi in the back. Prostitution was legalized during the Edo period. Prostitutes like orian were given license by the government. On the other hand, geisha were strictly prohibited to hold such kind of license and eventually forbidden to have sexual engagement with their customers. Any geisha holding the prostitution license is referred to be promiscuous. During the Japanese occupation, several Japanese prostitutes sold themselves to American to become sexual slaves. These prostitutes are termed geisha girls which lead to the conception of geisha as prostitutes. Also, those geisha working in onsen towns give a bad reputation to geisha because of the prevalence of prostitution. They used the name and character of a geisha in order to have a good market. Geisha indeed are not prostitutes. They are just victims of wrong conception. But sadly, although the nature of geisha is really good many are still doubt the nature of geisha’s profession. We can now infer that being a geisha is tough job. A geisha needs to be beautiful all the time and must undergo hard trainings to perfect the geisha’s required talents skills. We can see the good and bad accounts of being a geisha. It is a good tradition of Japan. It reflects all the prosperous cultures and traditions of Japan; from dancing, singing, conversing to the various arts. Also geisha’s dedication to work really manifest that Japanese are disciplined person. Generally, geisha plays an important role in Japanese culture. Geisha are entertainers not prostitutes. Although most people considered them as sexual workers, we cannot take away the fact that they bring happiness and pleasure to people. Although the nature of geisha’s work is closely similar to prostitutes we must not immediately pre-judge it. Geisha is a wonderful culture which is full of creative stuffs. From the dress, hairstyles, and other attributes of geisha we can see how diverse the Japanese culture is. Those bad accounts to geisha will be polished by its amazing structure. Eventually and hopefully people would fully accept the truth that geisha are made for merely entertainment. Instead of looking at it that way, looks at it other perspective or maybe people can even look deeper to the inner core of it in order to see its real purpose. References: History of Geisha. Retrived November 14, 2007, from http://marian. creighton. edu/~marian-w/academics/english/japan/geisha/history. html.

From One War to Another Essay

The French and Indian war, a war that had assembled the largest number of troops ever, was caused by more than a hundred years of rivalry between the two countries, had several consequences on the British Empire, and impacted the colonies greatly. When the fire of the French and Indian war was blown out, another match was dropped, starting another war. The main causes of the French and Indian war also known as the Seven Years war, was due to the constant hostility of the two large Empires. Although peace was kept surprisingly well, at the beginning of colonization in the New World, the Ohio River brought upon a new battle. Not only the French and English wanted control of the Ohio River Valley, but the Native Americans who were living there also believed that it was rightfully their land. All held the notion that the Valley was a strategic economic location and none were willing to give it up, which led to the start of small battles. Eventually, this led up to a declaration of war from Britain to France. This caused both France and England to suddenly begin seeking friendship with the Indians in order to have them as allies. Although the English won the war, the consequences that they faced were immense. The war had increased Britain’s debt to 133 million pounds by 1763, which led to much hatred towards the colonies who were unwilling to help pay this debt. Grennville, and other men of the British Empire bestowed it upon the colonies as their duty to participate in paying the debt.. Grenville took it upon himself to impose harsh acts, such as the Sugar and Stamp act, inorder to take revenue from the colonies. This outraged many colonialists, including Patrick Henry, who at one of Virginias House of Burgesses meetings, openly protested the stamp act, and the unjust acts of the empire. Not only did the British feel that they colonies should take part in paying the debt, but they also held a feeling of resentment due to the colonists minimal of participation in helping with the army, and supplying food and clothing. The British were infuriated that the Colonies were so uncooperative, and unappreciati ve after all they had done for America.. This led to increased tension and unrest between the colonies and Britain. Quite different from the repercussions of the war of the British, the colonies had very different consequences. Men like George Washington who had participated in the battle began to see that the redcoats were not as powerful as they were thought of, and that they would not always be able to serve and protect the colonies. Also, with colonialists fighting the war beside eachother, this interaction with the other twelve colonies opened the eyese of the colonies making them aware that when united together, they could become a force that could challenge the British Empire. Also the Colonies were angered by the harsh acts initiated by the British, and began to despise the Parliamentary rule. Leading other colonies and people to protest Grenvilles acts; together they held an intercolonial gathering of nine colonies, called the Stamp Act Congress, which lead to the Governors writing to the British Government of how they should be in charge of their own taxation as they saw the British system of taxation without representation as unjust and unlawful. This perception led them to increasingly doubt their loyalty to the empire and these events led to the American Revolution. Beginning as a rivalry between the French and English which caused the Seven Years war, lead to drastic consequences of both the colonies and the British. The British Empire had a huge debt, and lost their relationship with America while the colonials began to imagine breaking free of British rule.The end of a war lead to another war.

Odysseus †admirable character Essay

Odysseus is the king of Ithaca, husband of Penelope, father of Telemachus, son of Laertis and Anticleia. He is a hero from the Trojan War and becomes famous for his intelligence and cunning mind – he is the one to make up the Trojan horse. So far Odysseus seems to be incredible, resourceful and even godlike, but â€Å"The Odyssey† presents him in new light, reveals his true character and shows both – his good and his bad side. Truly, Odysseus is among the greatest Greek heroes, together with Heracles and Achilles. The similarity between three of them is that they are supported by at least one god. Athene is the one who likes the king of Ithaca; she calls him â€Å"admirable King†, who ruled â€Å"like a loving father. The goddess of wisdom always helps her favorite disguised as daughter of ship’s captain or just little girl. That is why Odysseus â€Å"looks godlike†, â€Å"enveloped in mist† or â€Å"invincible†, surrounded by magic. However, not all of the gods like Odysseus. Poseidon, the sea god, tries to prevent him from going back to Ithaca – â€Å"he roused the stormy blasts of every wind†. No human being would sustain the god’s anger, but Odysseus overcomes the storm. Poseidon sends him â€Å"mountainous† waves and â€Å"tremendous gust†; the power of the god overflows the Trojan hero who is just about to die when Ino, The White Goddess takes pity on him. At the end Poseidon is made to give up and Odysseus is the winner of their fight. Odysseus has both internal and external qualities. He is described as â€Å"courteous† in Book 6 when he begs for help first Nausicaa and later her mother – Arete. Despite being overtired, hungry and powerless Odysseus does not forget his good manners – â€Å"I should be ashamed to stand naked†, â€Å"it would be better to keep distance†. Courteousness is quality common for heroes, kings and noble men especially in similar circumstances. Being 7 years on Ogygia most people would look rude and arrogant, but not the king of Ithaca. Furthermore Odysseus is â€Å"looks like the gods who live in heaven†, he is â€Å"handsome† and â€Å"admirable†. Nausicaa is immediately attracted by â€Å"the stranger’s† appearance – â€Å"I wish I could have a man like him for my husband†. It is not the first time a woman wants to marry him – he has just got rid of the Nymph Calypso. But Odysseus remains faithful to his wife Penelope and keeps her in his thoughts, a testament for their strong relation. He is ready to endure anything to reach Ithaca – â€Å"It’s my never-failing wish† – and to hug his wife and son, a proof for his loyalty towards his family and people. Odysseus is not only well-mannered and handsome but strong and skillful, as well. Firstly, he makes a raft by himself on Ogygia and secondly he throws the biggest discus at enormous distance. The Phaeacians are amazed by his power and strength; no one dares to challenge him in any kind of sport. That is the place where Odysseus’ supremacy is shown. He is not only incredible but he totally dominates over all Phaeacians – something common for hero or even god. Finally Odysseus is an amazing orator – he is not just good, but he deceives and attracts people with his words. In Book 6, 7 and 8 there are some moments when everybody â€Å"stood still and silent† after Odysseus has finished speaking. Firstly, he knows how to draw attention and make compliments – e. g. Book 6 the meeting with Nausicaa – â€Å"Are you some goddess or a mortal woman? † â€Å"It is Artemis†¦ your beauty reminds me. † Secondly, Odysseus is very good at begging, he knows the right way for everything – e. g. the meeting with Arete and Alcinous in Book 7 – â€Å"They all applaud his speech and agreed the stranger should be escorted home. † Thirdly, Odysseus is persuasive and makes people like him – Alcinous is ready to give him â€Å"a house and riches† if he marries Nausicaa. Lastly, he knows how to defend himself when he is challenged or offended – Book 8 Odysseus â€Å"talks sense†. On the other side in Books 5-8 Odysseus is often described as weak and not perfect at all. The first time when we meet him in Book 5 he is â€Å"sitting disconsolate †¦ with steaming eyes†. So despite being a hero and a tough man he weeps and he misses home, wife and son. He seems heart-broken and lost far from his people and emotionally weak. When Calypso informs him that he is to leave Ogygia, Odysseus can’t believe – he feels a mixture of excitement and desperation, showing his broken spirit. Later Odysseus overcomes the battle with Poseidon, but on the other side Ino helps him to do so. Indeed when the wave crashes down on him his â€Å"knees shook and his spirit failed†. It seems that his death is inevitable and Odysseus almost â€Å"give up†. He wishes really strong to have â€Å"met his fate† in the Trojan War. That is not the way one king and hero should think – Odysseus lacks braveness and toughness. The storm is not the only place where Odysseus is helped by a god. Actually, most of the time Athene organizes the things to happen the right way. It seems as Odysseus doesn’t need to do anything – he just should sit and wait for something to happen – e. g. â€Å"At this they all gave a shriek. † Then Odysseus awakes and sees the Nausicaa sent by the disguised Athene. The real hero always makes the decisions by himself and acts bravely. This behavior continues in the Palace of Alcinous. Firstly, his heart is â€Å"filled with emotions†. Secondly, Odysseus looks pathetic – he begs and kneels. It is normal for stranger to do so, but Odysseus is the most famous hero from the Trojan War and King of Ithaca. At first he does not behave as a noble man, but this changes quickly. Odysseus starts to speak more and more bravely and in Book 8 he seems rather arrogant and bold – â€Å"I claim to be by far the best† and he is ready â€Å"to compete with the men of the past† like Heracles. The change is quite sudden – it happens once Odysseus has assured himself a bed and food. To sum up, Odysseus has a lot of admirable qualities – he is clever, strong, handsome, courteous and a good orator. However, he is not a god but rather a mortal man. That is why sometimes he looks sad, weak and arrogant. What makes him hero is that he overcomes his negative characteristics (sometimes with Athene’s help) and continues his struggle to reach home – â€Å"It’s my never failing wish†.

Recommendations for Data Warehouse Concept Speech or Presentation

Recommendations for Data Warehouse Concept - Speech or Presentation Example In the process of using these technologies, these organizations will have the opportunity to increase the rate of production and quality products, hence, better services to their clients. In the process of using various techniques of information technology, organizations should make sure that they define problems on the ground by identifying some of the impacts of the situation to the organization. The organization should also make sure that they allocate funds for the development of the project in the process of system development and implementations are completed in time. In addition, organizations should make sure that they involve various members of the organization in system development and implementation in order for the organization to avoid the rejection of the system during the testing process by the users. Therefore, it is good for organizations to make use of this technological advancement in order to produce better services to their customers. Introduction Following the i ntroduction of information technology in the business market, it has resulted to various impacts in business organizations in relations to various activities of the organization. ... ses communication in various organizations because through the technology advancement, these organizations are able to coordinate by having easy communication among them. These communications are kept easy because they are in the position of having easy, faster and low cost communications, especially through the internet as compared to the manual system of communications such as postal services that were expensive and were not good for instance decision making as they took time to pass information from one location to another. Moreover, through the use of information technology, business organization information is kept safely as the information access are controlled through a database system with governs by rules and regulations that controls access to the information. Description of Data Warehouse There are various activities that take place in every organization in order for the processing of services to be completed. Therefore, there is the need for data collection, data analysis , and process and data storage in regards to the organization. Not all the available data are public, therefore, there are some of the data that are private and need to be kept safely from un-authorize users. In order for any organization to be in the position of keeping their information safely, there is a need for the introduction of the data warehouse (Haggerty & Meister, 2003). Data Warehouse is a form of database system that help various organizations in the collection of data, data analysis, data reporting and storage of data safely so that they stored data can only be available to genuine users. Therefore, this is the central position that helps users to integrate data from various sources for them to be analyzed for the accurate outputs to be generated. Data analysis involves

Statistics in Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Statistics in Business - Research Paper Example Businesses come across multiple investment options at any given time. Each investment option provides numerous risk-reward outcomes. It becomes important for a decision maker to make a correct choice and statistical tools come handy there to make the most appropriate choice based on the company or risk taker’s temperament. The demographic changes and distributions are important for a marketer to make any marketing decisions. By studying demographic changes and making necessary inferences with regard to age, gender, income levels and many other socio-economic factors about its potential customers, the marketer chooses its target market and set its product pricing so as to maximize companys revenue. The marketer needs not only relevant data but they need to organize those data in such a fashion that it could provide meaningful answers to the business questions raised. Insurance business too uses statistical tools in solving business problems. Insurance business largely deals with uncertainties and yet decisions such as premium rates calculation, agent attrition and productivity rates are calculated purely based on statistical

Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Staphylococcus and Streptococcus - Lab Report Example A petri dish containing 1 TSA 5% sheep blood agar was divided in half. A sterile swab was used to swab the throat and skin. A streak inoculation was performed for each sample on each section of the plate, which was incubated for 24 hours at 37 oC.   The resultant colonies were then tested for Gram staining and the presence of alpha, beta, and gamma hemolytic bacteria. This test was performed by observing the presence or absence of red blood cell hemolysis on sheep blood agar. The next test that was performed was the catalase test to determine the production of enzyme catalase. A small amount of the colony was placed on a glass slide after which a few drops of catalase reagent was dropped on the bacteria. The production of bubble indicated a positive test for catalase. The catalase-positive samples were then tested for bacitracin sensitivity by incubating the colonies in four sections of a blood agar plate containing bacitracin discs for 24 hours at 37 oC. A coagulase test was then performed following the observation of bacitracin resistance in the bacteria. This test was performed to detect the production of enzyme coagulase by adding a loop full of the bacteria to tubes containing rabbit plasma and incubating for 24 hours at 37 oC. The coagulase negative samples were further tested for novobiocin susceptibility by incubating the bacteria in plates containing novobiocin antibiotic disks at 37 oC for 24 hours. Novobiocin test is usually used to distinguish between S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus.

Corporate communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Corporate communications - Essay Example The corporate communication should be a manifestation of the organization’s responsibility towards society. Let us analyze Nike example regarding the same. Nike has been attacked by NGOs constantly for its attitude for its manufacturing units overseas. Nike claims itself to be a marketing firm rather than a manufacturing one. It entirely out sources its manufacturing and contracts the work across the globe. However more than once it has been embarrassed by the attacks on its overseas operations. In the year 1996, there was a child labor issue when a major story in the Life magazine featured a photograph of a very young Pakistani boy sewing a Nike Soccer ball. In response the co announced that it will raise the minimum age of the factory workers. In the 1970s most Nike shoes were made in Taiwan and South Korea. When the labor in these countries started to organize themselves for better wages and working conditions the company shifted its activities to Indonesia, China and also Vietnam. It is analyzed that Nike preferred these countries due to their poor enforcement of labor laws and also cheap labor availability. However in October 2000 , the BBC exposed Nike factory in Cambodia which broke its own strict code of conduct and rules. Post this, Nike promised to remove all underage workers from its factories and assured to pay for their education till the age of 16. In 1997, Nike was exposed for its hazardous conditions in south-east Asian factories where the labor was subjected to toxic material and fumes. All this while Nike tried to avoid responsibility for factory conditions by saying that they are â€Å"just buyers†, but the anti-sweatshop movement has refused to accept the excuse. The movement also forced Nike to take responsibility for the workers who make their products. The company incorporated CSR into its overall business strategy, which was necessary for its survival. The question arises that did Nike have to wait for the

Legal Implications of False Memories in Children Essay

Legal Implications of False Memories in Children - Essay Example 's account matches the other children's testimony Might there be some truth in these testimonies that he judges and lawyers are overlooking Organizations such as the the False Memory Syndrome Foundation have continually stuck to the premise that any memory generated as a result of therapy is based on a lie and should be classified as unintentional lying because the therapist induced it suggested it or guided it. They further state that as part of their training psychiatrists are taught mind control techniques therefore they can implant a memory that was not there and the judges or lawyers would not be able to know the truth when the patient testifies. (Murphy 1997) For most advocates the best defense strategy against these cases is usually to claim the memories of trauma are all in the victims head. With the revelation of this research, defense lawyers can now cite the study. They can then move to file pre-trial motions challenging the reliability of the testimony based on recovered memories hence dismiss its admissibility in court. These motions should be filed early enough so as to dismiss and call for summary judgment. The defense can also seek to offer its own "expert "opinion based on this scientific study to the plaintiff's scientific theories that the brain can avoid or repress traumatic information and remember it later. The defense will further seek to bring forth evidence from published and unpublished studies purporting to demonstrate the existence of "false memory syndrome." And try to justify its existence in that particular child. The defense will also seek to introduce research allegedly showing that the mind can be "implanted" with false memories. Defendants may also try to offer evidence that traumatic events are highly memorable and cannot be repressed. The plaintiff or the Childs legal representative would first seek to crash any motion flied that seeks to scientifically explain the child's state of mind and use it as evidence. Since none of the theories can evaluates and prove a child is capable of repressing memories. Accordingly, the evidence should not be used regardless of scientific reliability because it is irrelevant and cannot assist the jury in coming up with a concrete decision (Bauer 2002). The plaintiff's best approach is to expect this defense strategy and take the first action by filing a motion to exclude the

BP Oil Disaster in the Gulf of Mexico Case Study - 8

BP Oil Disaster in the Gulf of Mexico - Case Study Example Ethical issues, in this case, identifiable include failure for other companies to learn from earlier case scenarios like the ExxonMobil case, and construct great preventive policies to avoid future spills. The people who have worked in this industry for 30, 40 years have a great role to play to avoid other leakages. Unfortunately, this has not been the case. In addition, companies should put preventive measures such that when such leakages happen, they do have massive effects on the natural system. The wells could as well be placed elsewhere other than in the deep waters. In fact, the size of the spillage does not matter, but what is of concern is where they happen and when they happen. The oil pipes should not be constructed in areas that in the event of a leakage, massive damage occurs. For instance, the BP Oil Disaster happened in a very vulnerable area and at a time when there are too many winds blowing it. In fact, the greatest issue, in this case, is the detrimental effect that this oil spill is going to have on the economy and ecology of the country. According to Geoffrey (2010), there are fears that the massive oil slick will have appalling effects on wildlife and birds along the Louisiana Coast and it could ruin one of the world’s fisheries, besides that it could also ruin vital wetlands. America’s Gulf State reputation is also under universal excoriation. The slow response to this catastrophe could cause diverse effects on the company, operating on the belief that such a disaster could never happen shows a lack of professionalism. This case of arrogance and neglect saw measures not being laid down. The characters thus operated on the principles of assumptions, and lack seriousness from all fronts. Victims and other groups have sharply accused the company of lacking preventive and more strict measures for disasters and taking the issue for granted at the initial stages of the disaster. In fact, accusations are coming from all level, including from President Obama to local people.  

THE IMPACT OF THE HAJ EVENT ON VISITORS TOWARD THE HOSTING DESTINATION Research Proposal

THE IMPACT OF THE HAJ EVENT ON VISITORS TOWARD THE HOSTING DESTINATION - Research Proposal Example The evaluation of the event will be an essential attribute that requires a proper analysis and elaboration of the issues that take place within the same platform. This report proposes that the events profits the hosting country a lot due to the influx of people while also creating an opportunity for small scale traders to expand their business so as to gain from these events. The proposal will examine the different issues that affect attitudes when dealing with mega events. The proposal will evaluate the events and the value dimensions that define attitudes when dealing with such events. It will also look at the impact of having such an event to the hosting country as the costs and benefits will be felt most by the host countries. Most of countries have begun to open up on hosting mega events. The Hajj has always been an awaited session amongst the Muslims due to their religious connotations. Others have been yearning to host events as big as the fifa world cup and the Olympics because of the tourism benefits they accrue as a country (Horne and Manzenreiter, 2006: 190). The goal is to understand whether the benefits will outweigh the costs and whether the host country will manage the people who come to the country (Jones, 2001: 242: Daniels, 2006: 335). These have also shaped the world tourism patterns because everyone knows that the Hajj period is directed to Mecca and any world cup will be directed to the hosting countries. With time, people already shape their tourism patterns. They have also highlighted the new tourism destinations and brought new demands to these countries (Gelan, 2003: 410). The main expectation, however, is that the host country will have heavily invested in infrastructure, sporting facilities and security to avoid any fatalities due to the huge crowd (Szymanski, 2002: 170). The improvement will benefit the country afterwards, but the

Social media text Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social media text - Research Paper Example In Mulvey’s opinion, women are often seen as a symbol of castration and most films making involve manipulation of females to bring visual pleasure to the film watchers (Mulvey, 1990) Mulvey argues that the pleasure associated with cinema is directed towards gender relationships, which relates images and spectators. In cinemas, the male acts as the prime monitor as well as the one who bears the gaze. On the other hand, females are just presented as passive objects who are subjected to the male gauze and male pleasure. Therefore, cinemas project fantasy on female body through filming and editing done with the aim of making female characters objects of pleasure. Therefore, women are often presented â€Å"†¦.as erotic objects for the characters within the screen story, and as erotic object for the spectator within the auditorium†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Mulley, 1990, pp. 33). The editing enables the filmmakers to combine the gazes of the male characters and those of the spectators without breaking the authenticity of the film story. The idea of color is an idea that can be learnt and leads to use of certain details to classify people. Moreover, characterization of people in terms of color varies in different regions. A good example is blackness. Definition and characterization of people as black varies in different countries. Moreover, characterization of people as blacks is influenced by different factors that are learned and passes from generation to generation. Gordon argues that words as well as work by black abolitionists in the 19th Century have played a great role in constructing the identity of black people. The language used by abolitionists has played a great role in constructing the identity of black people. Moreover, the identity has been memorized and can thus be learned and altered in different moments in life (Gordon, 2006). According to Gordon (2006, pp. 36) â€Å"†¦an ideology operates like a god or a spirit who pervades a place or inhabits human

Inspiration and Inerrancy Essay Example for Free

Inspiration and Inerrancy Essay Living in a Fallen world, people tend to search for answers to life’s questions in places they should not be looking. This causes them to belittle the actual source of answers God has provided for us, the Bible. I find it hard to explain God’s authority to an unbelieving individual talk less of the Bible’s authority. If a person doesn’t believe the bible, it can be a task to convince them that it has any authority. It is easy to explain the authority of the government or police, because these are authorities they are subject to and they can see, but when to comes to the authority of God and the bible, it is a different perspective. God has given us the Bible as a gift of love for us His children to follow until He comes back. It is the divine truth to all of humanity. The Bible is God’s revelation in written form to man. That is where the authority of the Bible comes from, the divine revelation of God Himself. Biblical inspiration is the doctrine in Christian theology concerned with the divine origin of the bible and what it teaches. Compared to the modern definition of inspiration, which is the process of being mentally stimulated to do or feel something especially to do something creative, biblical inspiration is God breathed, divine influence of the Holy spirit. God revealed Himself to selected people whom he had inspired to write the books of the Bible. In 2 Peter 1:21 the bible says for prophecy never had it’s origin in the human will, but prophets, thou humans spoke from God as they were carried along by the Holy Spirit. Inerrancy states that the Bible’s word is accurate, authoritative and free of error. There are four separate arguments for validating that the Bible is error free: Slippery Slope, Epistemological, Historical and Biblical. The slippery Slope Argument is the least important of the four. One of the foundational principles that is a slipping slope is confession of sins. Many scholars have argued whether we need to repent of our sins even after we’ve been saved. Read more: Inspirational Essay About Life New teaching state that we do not need to repent of our sins once we are saved. This is diabolical to what the bible says in 1 John 1:9 that if we confess our sin, he is faithful and just and He will forgive us of our sins and purify us from all unrighteousness. The Epistemological Argument says that we shouldn’t trust that the whole bible is error free, that we cannot tell what parts are accurate and what parts aren’t. Some who deny inerrancy say that the presence of errors does not mean we cannot trust it, because we trust our teachers in school even though we know that they are not perfect and theta the make mistakes. The Historical Argument suggests that there is a long lasting organization from Christian forefathers who believed in the Bible’s inerrancy. Princeton theologians made up the Bible’s inerrancy in the 19th century and Feinburg disproved the notion. Lastly, the Biblical Argument, which is the strongest of the four, simply states that we can trust the Scriptures simple because the scripture tell us to. In Titus 1:2, the bible says that God does not lie. In Isaiah 61:1, Isaiah wrote God’s plan for redeeming man under the Inspiration of God and in Luke 4:18, Jesus who had been inspired by the same spirit as His Father quoted the same plan as His Father. With over a millennium between the time of Isaiah and Jesus, we know that the redemption plan is true and inspired by God. This is the relationship between inspiration and inerrancy. Also the fact that God said that it would happen and it did shows that the Bible is true. In the process of explaining to my inquisitive jogger, I would let him or her know about my testimony and the numerous things God has done in my life. Also, I would try and explain some of the other teaching of the bible about confession and how when we confess the things from the Bible, they come to pass if we have faith. People tend to be more convinced when they can relate to you on a personal level. In the way that I live my life, I believe that the word of God is real and infallible. It is the truth and has authority. God breathe and inspired people to write. They wrote things and the things came to pass in due time. The bible instructs us to be faithful to His Great commission and to live our life in a way that pleases Him. These with the other things that He has spoken and have come to pass, I have enough reason to believe Him. Bibliography Elwell, Walter A Evangelical Dictionary of Theology, Second Edition (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2001) Holy Bible NIV, (Copyright Biblica, Inc. 2011, Grand Rapids MI. Zondervan 2011) Towns, Elmer L. Theology for Today, (Cengage Learning, 2008, 2002)

IT Essay: National ID cards Ethical issues

IT Essay: National ID cards Ethical issues National ID cards have long been advocated as a means to enhance national security, unmask potential terrorists, and guard against illegal immigrants. They are in use in many countries around the world including most European countries, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. Currently, the United States and the United Kingdom have continued to debate the merits of adopting national ID cards. The types of card, their functions, and privacy safeguards vary widely. In UK, The Governments decision to introduce a national Identity Cards Scheme was announced in the Queens Speech on 17 May 2005 and the Identity Cards Bill was reintroduced to Parliament. The date for introduction depends on the timing of the Bill being passed as law.   It is   expected to issue the first ID cards from 2008. But there has been a huge outcry over the issue and public continue to debate over it. According to the government press releases, ID cards will provide legal UK residents, including foreign nationals, with an easy and secure way of proving who they are. ID cards will be linked to their owners by unique biometric identifiers (for example, fingerprints) which mean one will have a much stronger way of protecting peoples identities. Background checks will ensure that claimed identities are real and not stolen, and will prevent criminals using multiple identities.The card will have the details like Name, address, gender, date /place of birth, immigration status, finger prints and iris scan. However it will not have sensitive information such as ethnic origin, medical records, tax records etc In UK, anyone who is in the country for more than 3 months and is over 16 years old is eligible for an National ID card. Public and private sector organisations will be able to check the information held on the National Identity Register to help them establish the identity of their customers and staff.   For example, you may be asked to prove your identity when opening a bank account or registering with a doctor. Major points advocating the need for an ID card is: 1. Prevention of Identity theft: An ID card will prevent the identity theft of an individual by providing him a secure and straightforward manner of proving and protecting their identity..2. Prevention of illegal immigration and travel: ID cards will stenghten immigration control.Government and people will know who is a legal citizen of the country and who go the rights to work here, thereby preventing illegal work which infact affects the economy.3. Public services: ID cards will help ensure public services are used by those entitled to use them .Thus it will improve the effectiveness and efficiency of service delivery. 4. Terrorism and organised crime: Just as people will gain an individual benefit from registering with the ID cards scheme, as more people r enrolled society as a whole benefits.It will be better protected from activities of those who use false identities, from people who hide their criminal past to avoid restrictions on working with children through to organised crime and those who support terrorist activites. ID cards- Ethical issues: We will discuss the national ID cards issue with respect to various computer ethical theories: 1. Ethical relativism: According to this theory, Morality is relative to the norms and traditions of a society.It states that whether an action is right or wrong depends on the society in which it is practiced.Actions which are right in one society can be considered wrong in another one.Now comparing this to the issue of national ID cards, which are considered as a tag to a citizen given by the government.Although National ID cards have been implemented in various europeon countries , malaysia, singapore etc but for countries like UK or USA, its not a very good idea to implement this.Reason being these countries are quite liberal in terms of foreigners settling in to take up jobs and a higher standard of living.So the culture is mixed.There are various colors and races of people.Issue of national ID cards can foster a new form of racism and descrimination. E.g. in UK, Asian or African communities can become subject to constant identity checks to confirm their status in the country. F ailure to carry a national I.D. card would likely come to be viewed as a reason for search, detention or arrest of minorities. The stigma and humiliation of constantly having to prove that they are citizens or legal immigrants would weigh heavily on such groups.Now compared to countries having a single colour people and not many foreign visitors, they might not have the same problem as ID cards can cause in USA or UK. So relativism theory holds true for national ID cards.It also depends on the situation of the society. National ID cards were issued in UK back in Second World War. But it was done to preserve national security from intruders and spies from other countries. It was abolished later on. So considering the situation; it was not a bad move that time. Now compare this to the present situation of UK the recent terrorist attacks, and post Sep 11 attacks on USA.National ID cards will provide a means of identifying any suspected person or someone who is having a past criminal re cord. This can make the present society more safe compared to what it is today. But again the implications are far too many. With various immigrants from so many countries, it would just cause an embarrassment for them who are also an integral part of todays society in these countries, as they would be viewed as potential suspects. ID cards would also act as an internal passport in the country. This is no doubt useful in the case of criminals or terrorists, but a common citizen has to show his credibility every time, thus giving a feeling of being monitored all the time. 2. Ethical utilitarianism: This theory classifies an act as right or wrong depending on the happiness of the society or person concerned .If the act is right, it would bring happiness .But if its not the case, then it is considered wrong. Utilitarians also assume that it is possible to compare the intrinsic values produced by two alternative actions and to estimate which would have better consequences. If the difference in the results is not of alternative acts is not great, some Utilitarians do not regard the choice between them as a moral issue. Coming to the issue of national ID cards, there are various direct and indirect consequences on the society. Some of them are good and beneficial and some are not. According to utilitarians, it is possible to do a bad thing from a right motive. Basically it provides an answer to what should a man do, to provide best possible results. Step taken in terms of issuing an ID card has a right motive. It would help in prevention of identity theft of an individual by someone else, prevention of illegal immigrants and travel into the country, as ID cards can provide a positive means of identification on the immigration status of a person. It would also help in prevention of misuse of public services and most importantly prevent the terrorists and persons having criminal record from taking fake identities to mix up in the society and try to cause some harm to it. Now all these are the positive points coming from ID cards.But there are few negative points too. Utilitarian theory tries to compare the bad consequences with the good ones and find out if the act is right or wrong. Now the foremost negative point about issuing an ID card is invasion of privacy of a person. All information about a person would be stored in a centralised database which can be accessed by any authorised person with the click on a button. But that doesnt guarantee prevention of possible misuse by some corrupt individuals to find out the details of someon e and possibly change it. And information once changed if not tracked in time, can cause a great loss to that person who wouldnt know what went wrong. He might get denied a job in a public sector requiring security clearance. People can make fake ID cards and steal identity of others, as it would be the most reliable method to prove ones identity. ID cards would also restrict ones free movement across the country and can cause racial discrimination. Now comparing the negative and positive points of this step, it is very difficult to decide which step is right for the society. But taking the safety of todays society, the decision tilts slightly in the favour of ID cards. But its a long debate and the exact consequences would only be known when the cards are actually implemented. 3. Deontological Theory: This theory focus on use of certain rules rather than consequences to justify an action or policy. The best-known deontological theory is that of Immanuel Kant in the 18th century. His theory stated that Moral rules should be universalisable i.e. applied to all rational, moral members of the community rather than to just some. All persons should be treated never simply as means but also always as ends in themselves. Members of the moral community should take a hand in making the laws as well as living by them. This theory states that one has to follow some morals no matter what the consequences are. Matter of ID cards clearly violates some freedom of movement and privacy of an individual. So technically speaking; it is not a moral thing to do.   Even though the consequences can be good for the society, but according to this theory, it should not be done, as it is not morally correct. One of the theory by shelly kaggan states that individuals are bound by constraints which he should respect but also given some options which he can choose to follow or not. Issue of ID cards can be considered as an option but it is not totally correct morally as it affects some rights of human beings. Consequences are not considered in this theory. Apart from all these ethical issues affecting an individuals rights of data protection, freedom of movement, privacy etc, there are many more hurdles which comes into picture before implementing ID cards Conclusion: It is not known how ID cards will be foolproof given the above failure modes. Misuse can be far more dangerous than anticipated. And they are prone to errors and misuse, and are likely to be blindly trusted even when wrong. And cost of issuing the ID cards to every person in the country would run into billions which will most likely be paid by the tax payers of this country. As expensive as the financial costs are, the social costs are worse. However saying that, ID cards are not totally ineffective but a proper and more reliable systems needs to be put into place before deciding on the privacy and rights of the citizens. Data Protection law is wholly inadequate to deal with the use of ID cards. Indeed legislation in most countries facilitates the use of ID cards, while doing little or nothing to limit the spectrum of its uses or the accumulation of data on the card or its related systems. However with its help in preventing terrorist activities, it can be implemented with a slight i mprovement on human rights issue. Morality of ID cards is still being debated all over the world, which is the main reason for the implementation getting delayed. Bibliography: 1.   Ermann M and M.B. Williams. Computers, ethics and society. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997, pp 12 50 World Wide Web: 2.   Home office.http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/passports-and-immigration/id-cards/how-the-data-will-be-used/?version=1.Oct 09, 2005 3.   Identity cards. http://www.identitycards.gov.uk. .Oct 09, 2005 4.   Bruce Schneier. Schneier on Security.   http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2005/05/real_id.html.Oct 10, 2005 5.   National ID debate.   http://www.vastlyimportant.com/vastly/2004/08/national_id_deb.html#comments.Oct10,20056.   Epic-National id and real ID act. http://www.epic.org/privacy/id_cards/. Oct10, 20057. Utilitarianism. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism.   Oct 12, 2005 8.   Ethical Relativism. http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/ethicalrelativism.html. Oct 12,2005

Advanced Social Psychology: Overview and Analysis

Advanced Social Psychology: Overview and Analysis Theresa A. Patterson Social psychology is a relatively young science. This branch of psychology includes the study of individual behavior in a social setting as well as factors that influence behavior. Social psychology was established as a formal discipline approximately one hundred years ago (Reis, 2010). Throughout its history, social psychology demonstrated the effects of notable social and political themes of various time periods. Also, methodological and theoretical advances impacted the development of social psychology in many ways. Although many people equate the origins of social psychology with the publication of the first social psychology textbook by McDougall in 1908, the roots of this field can be traced to the writings of Aristotle and Plato (Reis, 2010). For example, Aristotle noted the need for individuals to live in groups, while Plato emphasized the impact of the environment on behavior. McDougall incorporated the concepts of emotion and morality in his textbook and emphasized the idea that behavior was instinctive and individual. In addition to McDougall’s contribution, Wundt’s writings regarding the effect of groups on individual behavior played a critical role in the development of social psychology (Reis, 2010). However, Wundt did not advocate experimental methods. In addition, his ideas did not match the behaviorist views that predominated in the early 1900’s. Thus, Wundt’s views were not long-lived on social psychologists. Despite the advent of novel social psychology textbooks, the discipline of social psychology was not well defined. The work of Floyd Allport in 1924 outlined the tenets of social psychology in a way that reflected current thinking to a higher degree (Reis, 2010). Allport noted that interpersonal relationships are the hallmark of social psychology, but emphasized that social psychology must be studied in terms of the individual rather than in terms of the group (Patterson, 2015). Additionally, Allport asserted that many factors in the environment might elicit behaviors. Allport took an experimental approach in social psychology and invested hos efforts in basic research (Reis, 2010). Allport’s writings, which emphasized such topics as conformity, emotion and social influence, exerted a lasting impact on contemporary researchers. Although Allport clearly utilized a methodological approach, Norman Triplett is widely credited with the implementation of the first social psychology experiment in 1898 (Reis, 2010). Triplett (1898) investigated the effect of the presence of other individuals on performance based upon his observation that bicyclists rode faster when paced by another rider. In addition, Sherif (1936) conducted studies that investigated the development of social norms and the impact that societal rules had on behavior. The occurrence of events such as the Great Depression, World War I and World War II set the stage for further development in social psychology (Patterson, 2015). During the World War II era, several European social psychologists fled Nazi Germany and immigrated to the United States. Notably, Kurt Lewin implemented research regarding group processes and styles of leadership in the workplace (Reis, 2010). Furthermore, Lewin’s field experiments during World War II, founding of the S ociety for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (SPSSI), and his conviction in the applied aspect of social psychology, left a lasting impact on the field (Reis, 2010). Following the end of World War II, the discipline of social psychology flourished in the United States (Reis, 2010). Social psychologists enjoyed greater prestige and high status, and were rewarded by the government with new research facilities, grants, and teaching positions. The G.I. Bill created a need for psychologists to teach at universities, and tenure was quickly earned (Reis, 2010). Also, research on conformity and obedience demonstrated the power of group influence on the beliefs and behaviors of participants (Asch, 1956). Other notable experiments occurred during this era, which lasted from approximately 1946 to 1969. For example, Festinger’s (1957) research regarding cognitive dissonance showed that individuals strive to maintain consistence between their beliefs and their behaviors (Reis, 2010). Additionally, Milgram’s (1963) experiments on obedience to authority demonstrated that the majority of people will obey an authority figure even if it includes infl icting possible harm to others. Furthermore, research on romantic attraction generated both interest as well as controversy among social psychologists (Reis, 2010). Despite ground-breaking advances in the area of interpersonal attraction, many people did not think that love and romance should be topics of research experiments. In addition, the 1964 murder of Kitty Genovese stimulated bystander intervention research (Reis, 2010). The attempt by the government during the 1960s to eradicate societal wrongdoings generated research regarding the interaction of personality variables and environmental factors in behaviors. The 1970’s was notable for an increase in social cognition studies (Reis, 2010). However, the public became disillusioned with the possibility that society could benefit from social psychology research. In addition, women and minorities noted that social psychology represented an extremely biased view of predominantly male, white, middle-class social psychologists. As a result of this crisis of public confidence, a more comprehensive and revitalized discipline of social psychology emerged. For example, more rigorous ethical standards in experimental research were implemented (Reis, 2010). As social psychology continues to grow in the present era, views are expanding to include interdisciplinary as well as global concepts. The influence of social psychology has been demonstrated in various areas such as healthcare, industry and schools (Reis, 2010). Additionally, technological advances provided access to participants from many cultures. This cross-cultural perspective will undoubtedly influence future research studies. Also, methodological advances, as well as growth in neuroscience and evolutionary psychology, will continue to assist researcher in the interpretation of data. Advances in social psychology would not be possible without experimental research. However, proposed studies and related methodology necessitate attention to ethical concerns. As social psychology grew, researchers shifted their focus from speculation to the demonstration of empirical evidence. Early laboratory experiments were often criticized for their artificiality and potential biases (Reis, 2010). As a result of this evaluation, field studies were conducted to provide realistic results that could be generalized to other situations (Reis, 2010). Therefore, ethical codes of conduct must be in place to make certain that participants are not harmed in any manner. In general, researchers must adhere to the ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence and justice. The American Psychological Association (APA) developed its code of ethical standards to guide researchers in appropriate treatment of participants. The 1974 National Research Act requires the formation of committees referred to as Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) to review potential experiments before researchers begin a study (Gravetter Forzano, 2006). This process, which may include required modifications and revisions, helps to ensure the protection of participants’ welfare. For example, an IRB will examine the cost/benefit ratio to ascertain whether the possible benefits are greater than potential risks. In the event that risks are likely, researchers may be advised to seek lower-cost alternatives (Gravetter Forzano, 2006). Experiments involving the use of deception must be carefully evaluated prior to the start of the study for analysis of the cost/benefit ratio. Above all, researchers must always endeavor to protect participants from harm. In addition, researchers must obtain informed consent from all participants prior to the start of an experiment. Informed consents includes the responsibility of researchers to be forthcoming regarding possible risks and what is involved in the experiment. For example, Asch’s (1956) study concerning conformity involves a possible breach of informed consent for several reasons. First, participants were deceived regarding the nature of the experiment. Also, participants were not told about the possibility of stress during the experiment, and may have suffered subsequent mental distress. Asch’s (1956) study included the debriefing of participants, which is now required in all experimental studies. Debriefing involves explaining the true nature of the study to participants after the experiment is over (Gravetter Forzano, 2006). Several additional research studies were criticized for violations of ethical principles. For example, Milgram’s (1963) landmark experiment regarding obedience to authority generated much controversy. This experiment investigated the power of authority figures on individuals by â€Å"ordering† them to administer electric â€Å"shocks† to a confederate. Participants were misled concerning the nature of the study and may have suffered severe distress as a result of the deception. Furthermore, participants may not have been aware that they had the right to leave the experiment at any time. Because the participants were paid, they might have felt obliged to continue as long as necessary. During the course of the study, the experimenter urged participants to continue to the end of the experiment. Thus, coercion might have been a factor that contributed to participants’ completion of the experiment (Gravetter Forzano, 2006). Milgram’s (1963) study illustrated an explicit violation of ethical principles regarding informed consent. This violation included misinformation concerning potential psychological harm as well as not informing participants that they were free to terminate the experiment at any time. Additionally, researchers did not adhere to the critical principle of inflicting no harm upon participants. Many participants in Milgram’s (1963) study reported significant mental distress from both the pressure of the experimenter and subsequent guilt associated with their willingness to inflict pain upon others. Since individual differences could not be ascertained, researchers were unable to predict the extent of participants’ distress. Finally, past research demonstrated the crucial role that environmental and situational factors play in human behavior (Haley, Banks, Zimbardo, 1973). A study by Haley, Banks and Zimbardo (1973) utilized a simulated prison setting in which participants were randomly assigned to the roles of prisoners or guards. However, the participants quickly adapted to their roles and reacted as though the situation was a real-life occurrence. The guards behaved in a cruel and demeaning manner, and the prisoners became increasingly passive and depressed. The experimented had to be terminated early as a result of the extreme psychological symptoms that participants exhibited. The realistic nature of the experiment may have precluded participants from exercising their right to withdraw from the study. Like the Milgram (1963) study, researchers associated with the simulated prison study were not able to predict the extent of psychological harm to participants, which violated an element of informed consent. During the majority of the experiment, no attempt was made to curtail the abuse inflicted by the guards toward the prisoners. Thus, potential harm to participants was not minimized (Gravetter Forzano, 2006). Although participants were screened for psychological disorders, the development of unanticipated harmful effects changed the risk/benefit ratio. Researchers must continually evaluate potential risks that may occur during the study as well as possible benefits. In addition, researchers need to ensure that participation in experiments is completely voluntary and that participants do not feel coerced. If deception will be utilized, researchers must be certain that no viable alternatives exist (Gravetter Forzano, 2006). Finally, in most circumstances, researchers need to obtain an informed consent form for each participant in the study. Also, researchers must be vigilant regarding signs of psychological distress or unexpected effects of participation in the study. Debriefing is essential to ensure that participants understand the purpose of the experiment and to alleviate any negative effects of participation in the study (Gravetter Forzano, 2006). Finally, researchers must protect the confidentiality of data that is collected as well as identifying information that is provided by participants. References Asch, S. (1956). Studies of independence and conformity: A minority of one against a unanimous majority. Psychological Monographs, 70, No. 9 (Whole No. 416). Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson. Gravetter, F., Forzano, L. (2006). Research methods for the behavioral sciences. (2nd. Ed.). Mason, OH: Thompson. Haney, C., Banks, C., Zimbardo, P. (1973). Interpersonal dynamics in a simulated prison. International Journal of Criminology and Penology, 1, 69-97. Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 57(4), 371-378. Patterson, T. (2015). Advanced social psychology midterm exam. Unpublished manuscript. Mount Aloysius College, Cresson, PA. Reis, H. (2010). How we got here from there: A brief history of social psychology. In R. Baumeister E. Finkel (Eds.), Advanced social psychology: The state of the science. (pp. 25-60). NY: Oxford University Press. Sherif, M. (1936). The psychology of social norms. New York: Harper Bros. Triplett, N. (1898). The dynamogenic factors in pacemaking and competition. American Journal of Psychology, 9(4), 507-533.

Free Hamlet Essays: Use of Deception in Hamlet :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Use of Deception in Hamlet Hamlet is a play by William Shakespeare about a prince named Hamlet who was spoken to by the ghost of his dead father telling Hamlet to kill his uncle Claudius (the new king) because Claudius killed him. The story revolves around Hamlet's dillema of how to kill his uncle while being deceptive enough so that no one finds out about the ghost. This essay will prove how deception is often used in Hamlet for many reasons. Claudius uses deception to protect himself from being prosecuted for his crime of killing the King. No one knows what the deal is with Gertrude because she deceives everybody by keeping to herself all the time keeping everyone from knowing anything. By using quotes from the book I will prove how these two (Claudius and Gertrude) and among a few others , use deception for different reasons and in different ways. A lot of the times it is to protect someone, or themselvs because they believe that the truth will hurt more than their lies. Claudius decieves everyone in different ways and at different times , always and only to protect himself from everyone else finding out that he killed the king. We can't truly say that he deceived Gertrude or not because we still don't know if she knows about Claudius killing the king or not because that is part of her own deception , but we know that he deceived the people and Hamlet himself (before he talks to the ghost). This next quote comes from the ghost of the king convicting Claudius of the murder ,"If thou didst ever thy dear father love- revenge his foul and most unnatural murder(p.57, act1,scene5 ,lines29-31). This quote proves that Claudius actually did commit the murder. This next quote is from Claudius himself after the funeral and the wedding giving a speach about the death of the king and the whole deal with Fortinbras,"To our most valiant brother-so much for him(p.21, act1 ,scene2 ,line25)." This quote shows that Claudius obviously doesn't have much remorse for his d ead brother and might be covering up the fact that he killed him. And we all know what that means...What does it mean?! It means that he actually is the rat and is the evil one in the play. Hamlet's deception , possibly the cruelest of all. Maybe even though Hamlet's deception was derived from Claudius's deception , it is the one that killed everybody.

Two Or Three Things I Know For Sure :: essays research papers fc

Two or Three Things I Know For Sure   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Allison illuminates the fact that we as women must appreciate each other and our beauty before we can truly cherish other forms of beauty around us. â€Å"Two or three things I know for sure, and one of them is that of we are not beautiful to each other, we cannot know beauty in any form†(86). We are so conditioned to see female beauty as what men see as beautiful, that we don’t even know what it means to us. If we can get to the point where women feel beautiful even if they don’t fit the societal ideal, it will allow us to open our minds to all other forms of beauty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Morgan asserts in her article, â€Å"Women and the Knife†, â€Å"Rather than aspiring to self-determined and women-centered ideals of health or integrity, women’s’ attractiveness is defined as attractive-to-men...†(119). This ties in to a story that Allison tells in her book about a conversation with her sister. She had always thought her sister was beautiful and was jealous at the attention and admiration it entailed. Many women are envious of women that men view as beautiful...even lesbian women who possibly would have a different view of female beauty. Society ingrains in everyone what the standard of beauty is so much that we don’t even know why we believe it. As Allison talks with her sister, she discovers what it meant for her to be attractive growing up. She was constantly harassed by boys and goaded by mothers and sister who didn’t want her near their sons and brothers. People assumed that she thought she was better than them, without her having to say a word. So while Allison wanted to be just like her, she dealt with â€Å"...the hatred that trailed over her skin like honey melting on warm bread†(78). Though this story points out that beauty has its cost as well, the power of being beautiful holds a great deal of weight in our society as individuals and social beings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"...a woman’s pursuit of beauty through transformation is often associated with lived experiences of self-creation, self-fulfillment, self-transcendence, and being cared for. The power of these experiences must not be underestimated†(Morgan, 120). This is a major reason so many women are now choosing to have cosmetic surgery. But, as Morgan also points out, â€Å"elective† surgery is now becoming less of a choice for women. As more and more women transform their bodies into society’s ideal figure of femininity, the higher the standards become. If women begin seeing many other women having

Lewis Carroll English Paper

Lewis Carroll is an important English writer because of his position in English literate ere, and his many arks, such as his novel, â€Å"Lice's Adventures in Wonderland,† have impacted o r influenced some writing styles of today. There was a lot of controversy that was consistent throughout Lewis Carol's I fife. This is what made him such a unique English writer. Charles Dodson was born on Jag unary 27,1832 in Treasury, Cheshire, England. Later known by his pen name Lewis Carroll.Lee wise Carroll changed his name because he thought that the people reading his mathematic CSS books would find it odd to find the same author having written fictional books. This would make e a difference in his various styles of books. At age 20 he was awarded a scholarship to Christ Cool egg. Apart from being a lecturer in mathematics he was a photographer and wrote many essay yes and poetry. Carroll was shy, but that didn't stop him from enjoy creating stories for child en. Carroll suffered from a bad stammer, but found himself vocally fluent while speaking with chill drew.The relationships Lewis Carroll created with young children was of great interest n most of his well known writings. For example Carroll told tales of dream worlds later written d own due to the request of Alice Lidded, a young girl who loved to listen to his stories. The stop rye was later coincidentally found by Henry Kinsley who urged Carroll to publish what is k now to us now as Notwithstanding such criticism, Lewis Carol's work and popularity remains la argyle undiminished. The place of Lewis Carroll in Children's Literature/ Alice Beyond Wonderland: Essays for the Twenty First Century; written by Christopher Hollingsworth.The e text had generated many cultural complex episodes and images. The short story; Lice's Adventures in Wonderland story contains in very high detail words that form imagery. Therefore, very s mall broken down literature made up sentences. For this reason, Victorian texts AR e f ormed Sentences that contain allusions and retelling. Agree with the criticism's argument beck cause I know that by reading , Lewis Carroll does an amazing job with detail considering it was written as a classic children's story.Having considered Lei s Carol's writing style , it is also reasonable to look at the way he consistently used metaphors. In Allies Adventures in Wonderland, Alice changes size throughout the story. At first SSH e is too big to fit in the little door into the beautiful garden. Similarly, in Down the Rabbit Hole, is a term that homebodies exploring the world and being adventurous. Lastly, Through the Looking Glass, Sis good metaphor for using a piece of glass to look back at yourself. It is important to note however, that Lewis Carroll was a man of mystery.Bess des the fact that he has a pen name, his novels contain very fictional scenarios. Lewis Carr loll's work, Lice's Adventure's in Wonderland , stands in the category of nonsense literature. Many authors a rgue that the novel contrasts with the standard moralistic literature of the Victoria n times. Lewis uses nonsensical concepts and words in his stories in order to create a mood of w musical and a fantasy. His books Lice's Adventure?s in Wonderland ; published in 1865 and Through the Looking Glass ; published in 1871 have been published since 150 years ago.The novel control acts with the manta amounts of widely moralistic children's literature during this it me. Lewis Carroll was surrounded and perhaps influenced by many authors during that time pee riot. This may have included Hawthorne and Emerson. For a while Lewis Carroll was forgotten UN till his wonderful book was published thus allowing his work to be widely known to this day. Lewis Carroll Was a man of many talents and was known greatly throughout A Rican literature as a remarkable author, artist, mathematician, teacher, and poet.

Advanced International Trade

In any preservation where there exists free mobility of hollow lodge across borders , sweat policies are hold in to firing over from superstar country to another(prenominal) thus impart have an wedge on multinational trade. Thus international trade is mostly restricted to goods and run much than to factors of proceeds.In such a gaffe past goods and services can swear out as substitutes to factors of labor by trade goods and services produced by such factors. In an open economy, the welfare gains from domestic labor market exports provide exceed the parcel out of goods exported.If prices increase for goods the owners of factor of production amenable forget wellbeing in palpable terms while owners of the other factors will likely push for opposing agendas on controls of mobility of labor across borders. An increase in capital will otherwise benefit both owners of capital and labor.The first match would be to increase the step of primitive labor in lean produc tion in family line country. An increase rusty labor is evaluate to be much than the amount of capital available.Owing to the fixed nature of capital, there is expected decreasing returns to scale. simply since the untrained labor is mobile deep down the industries, they are tone ending to move from one industry to another depending on the prosecute differentials.The relative price of fish is expected to go down in home country due to the availability of tinny labour.Accordingly the real wage of the un expert labor will moderate owing to the powers of shoot and supply of labor in the fish industry. The real wages paid to the skilled workers will depend on the turnout of the economy.As more unskilled labor hightail it in a country, output will not be affected since it uses more of skilled labor than unskilled labor, what is going to happen is decreasing returns to scale on unskilled labor and this will contract to more costs than benefits hence decrease the real wages of the skilled labor.The production of calculating machine chips will be adversely affected since unskilled labor will flow from fish production to ready reckoner chips production. With capital and skilled labor fixed, then the production can be increased only by increasing the amount of capital and skilled labor in the country, thefore countrys output is bound to decrease especially in computer chips production and also to some break away on fish production.

Cuban missile crisis Vietnam war

The closely dangerous passage to Cold fight was the Cuban projectile crisis during the 1960s. This is a opp adeptnt between the Soviet north state of contendd and the get together States in Cuba. Robert F. Kennedys thirteen eld is the depiction of the tensions surrounding the Cuban missile crisis and the analysis of the verbalise fight. Two sides of the contest was pre displaceed during the conflict between Union Soviet and united States. One side of the or address was the Communists of the Soviet Union desire to fix entire European countries below their victory and conquer the manhood.The other side of the conflict was the goal of the Statesns to the vindication of right and to stop over the spead of Communism. During the Cuban Missile crisis, twain important hoi polloi played important functions. They were the Statess hot seat John F. Kennedy and Soviet hold uper Nikita Krushchev. Both attracters were compeld with what is casualty that time. They perfo rmed contrastive tactics and strategies on how to exact with the scenario. Drama took place and a parcel out of negotiations were arranged for the Cuban Missile crisis.The pressure was triggered after Berlin and Germany were separated and divided among the winning countries, Allies were formed and three different blocs occured. Nations that has been established after the struggle re main(prenominal)ed unbiassed while western countries which were governed by America and Soviet Union together with their unused allies had formed the other two blocs. Soviet Union established affiliate countries around them and spread and impose collectivism to to each one and both agricultural.America was alarmed and imposed the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan to realize Soviet Union in counterpane collectivism. However according to Robert F. Kennedys Thirteen Days two things came to pass that displace threat and tension through the U. S. kickoff was, the Chinese government was bowl overn by Communism, which is a big alarm for the threat of favorable position of Communism. And the second was the Cuban rocket CRISIS foliate 2 knowledge and ability of Soviets when it drives to atomic and atomic paying backs. There was a concern in the U. S. because of the threat of a nuclear state of war.The crisis began when Soviet Union Leader Nikita Krushchev plans to shew missiles in Cuba because of the Americans Missile were installed in Turkey which is adjacent to Soviet Union and he did non expect that America would take over Cuba and overthrow Fidel Castros communist government. The Soviet Union leader in any case considered newly select John F. Kennedys reaction to his plans. Krushchev solve that Kennedy was a weak, faulty and could not wear upon pressures and tensions. He (Krushschev) was a leader who establish his premises on hasty generalizations because he pre-judged Kennedy because he was a newly elected president.On the other hand, John F. Kennedy was reluctant virtually what is happening around him. His administration issued a warning most the impending crisis in Cuba. This is the Memo 181 it states study of probable armament, poitical and summationy impacts in the installment of missiles in Cuba which could shit the United States. Kennedy do a close which was effective because he inaugural consulted community around him and querried for facts so that his plans would be everlasting(a) and would not lead onto stopping points which testament lead to more than seroius problems like a world nuclear war.He besides kept the informations for himself number one before broadcasting it to the American country because he wanted that his administrations plan would be a secret and would not safety valve for the enemies. When subject area Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy well-read a bad news that Soviets were constructing an nauseous missile in Cuba was positive. He did not first told the president about whats taking place in Cuba. preferably he gets more information and he wanted the president to ca-ca a rest for a more thought-provoking decisions for America. On October 16, the Thirteen Days had began, Bundy told the president about the construction of missiles and theCuban MISSILE CRISIS page 3 president presently ordered a meeting for the senior officials which he termed as Ex Comm. They intend secretly and develop their strategies on how to destabilise the construction of ballistic missiles. John F. Kennedy was a leader who wants everything to be clear and concise. aft(prenominal) the deliberations and discussions were done, strategies were finally made and ready for execution. exactly first Kennedy briefed his people and made his first decision to hold all war machine military equipment under(a) ship to Cuba.This was the annunciation 3504 known as the quarantine order. And during his linguistic process on October 22 he said to the Soviets, And one alley we shall never choose , and that is the path of surrender or submission. JFK exudes a leader whose significant and tough with his decisions which Krushchev miscalculated when he intend to test Kennedy with his plans. Then the crisis even worsens each day passed. Secret negotiations were made. And trying to deflect the war the two leaders resorted by changing of letters. A naval forbid was implemented by America in the Carribbean and Cuban coast which triggered the Soviet nation.Because of it, on the 26th day of October, Krushchev seemed to be volition to remove the missiles in Cuba in change over for Americas commitment not to invade Cuba. But on the bordering day, Krushschev proposed a different argument and that is if Soviets exit remove their missiles in Cuba, it follows that US mustiness also remove their missiles in Turkey. This object from Krushchev was just, but he is so demanding about this issue. He was insistent about the matter because of the loss of arms and military equipment in Cu ba which disband their operations and still he remained confident with his decision.Thus, Kennedy made the right decision. Kennedy did not support Krushchevs second proposal, quite he wrote Krushchev and made a deal to remove the blockade and agree not to invade Cuba if Krushchev would remove the missiles in Cuba. JFK also secretly proposed the dismantling of US missiles in CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS page 4 Turkey. The Soviet leader agreed and the crisis ended. The proceeds was Krushchev lost prestige while Kennedy gained. Cuba remained under communist dictatorship and US remaining it.Both Leaders were good leaders and fall in their own political and societal will. They both(prenominal) fights for what they know what is right for their country and beliefs. I can say that John F. Kennedy was one of the best presidents of US because of his courage and qualification rational decisions. While Nikita S. Krushchev fights for what he believes in and his people but he failed. Essay2 (Viet nam struggle) United States played a big role in the Vietnam state of war and it was the biggest and longest military conflict of the nation. umteen lives were affected not only in Vietnam but also in America.US army troops were sent to South Vietnam to fight against North Vietnam and National Liberation Front because they want to connect the North and South Vietnam to become a Communist Re humanity. And protesters from the US were greatly affected. The main issue during the Vietnam war was the opinion of the American people toeards the issue which had caused a people of speculations in the government and also the US academic institutions. According to Turley (1986), even at the start of US escalatory moves in the branch of 1965 there were limits to American public and congressional tolerance of the wars expenses and duration.Turley (1986) moreover explained that these limits were worsen by the administration under Johnson its refusal to arouse touristy emotion on the wars be half, its failure to hit an effective strategies for massive US incumbrance, its public misrepresentation of the wars denelopment and of its own political and social intentions, and its refusal to make solid and tough political choices. Americans treated Vietnam contend as less-traveled and insignificant and yet it is the longest war americans fought for. To sum it all it is the most fateful war that involved the AmericanCUBAN MISSILE CRISIS page 5 people. some(prenominal) soldiers have lost their lives during those time. many people in the United states protests on the intervention of US in the said war and also many americans supported the war for Vietnam not to be under a communist government. During those multiplication US was so divided and turmoil and chaos happened, wounds that Vietnam caused will never heal for many of the more than two million American veterans look from the war was given to fight against communism in Vietnam (Herring, 2002).More or less threescore thousand Americans lost their lives in contend for the war. The United States spent about $ one hundred fifty billion dollars. American got involved in the war during 1955 when the first american advisors arrived in Vietnam. Then, American combat troops arrives in 1965 and had finished bit for the civil war in Vietnam up to the end when truce was ordered and reconciled on January of 1973. I can say now that Vietnam state of war was a story of the olden times for the new generation americans.Cambodian Invasion was a played a big sentiment in the Vietnam this is when professorship Richard Nixon ordered an fervour against North Vietnam and NLF (National Liberation Front), the main goal why Nixon ordered an attack, according to Turley (1986), was to powder bases of communism and provide arms and military support to the war in Vietnam, for the fortress American troops, and to make sure of the insularism of America from Vietnam.Students and faculties in different universities in US that time who were not in favor of the Vietnam contend felt that President Nixon had deceived them, that the hated war was to be grow and be pursued (Turley, 1986). Students from Oberlin, Princeton, and Rutgers demonstrated against Vietnam War and Nixon that very night. Many academic institutions had unlikeable and a lot of organizations who opposed Vietnam war had formed demonstrations all over the country. CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS page 6 disparate ways of expressing their sympathy for the Americans who catered their lives for Vietnam and dismay for the decision of the president was obvious by that time. Many protest across the country took every possible form and were carried out under every ban, slogan and chant. Strikes, boycotts, and shutdowns were carried out together with rallies in the campus, marches and convocations across the country there was massive flag lowering, vesture of black armbands, several memorial services, portrayal of funerals and vigil there were semin ars with workshops, and research projects.Vigilant students have also had an interaction with the public in particular with the residents and invited each and every household to come in their campus and talk about the issue of Vietnam War. American students and academic institutions played a big role in protesting against the Vietnam War. The heart of the young american people was elicit for the love of their country and countrymen. They displayed brotherhood, camarraderie and oneness during the Vietnam War protests.America stood as one in rubbish for each and every american whose fighting for the right for Vietnam and all nations as well. Many lives were transformed during the war. And still many lives were taken. Vietnam War was an untold story for Americans. But it made United States a country with strong people and united nations. References Herring, George C. (2002). Americas Longest War The United States and Vietnam, 19501975. retrieved April 21, 2007 from http//www. vietna mwar. com/ Kennedy, Robert F. (1969).Thirteen Days A account of the Cuban Missile Crisis ISBN 0-393- 31834-6. retrieved April 20, 2007 from http//www. lawbuzz. com/movies/thirteen_days/thirteen_days_ch1. htm Pope, Ronald R. , Soviet Views on the Cuban Missile Crisis Myth and populace in Foreign Policy outline University Press of America, 1982. from http//www. lawbuzz. com/movies/thirteen_days/thirteen_days_ch1. htm Turley, William S. (1986) The Second Indochina War A Short Political and Military History, 19541975.. Retrieved April 21, 2007 from http//www. vietnamwar. com/politicalprotests. htm.

Gantt Chart for Execution of House Construction Essay

Be specific with the sort of graph deeds that youd like to create.Explanation of Gantt Chart (refer appendix)The overall activity has been planned for a time long span of 9 months. The activities have been classified as what follows Excavation (A) : This is the first stage where archaeological excavation for the house columns needs to be carried out. The lead time for this physical activity is one month. This is a process which is labor first intensive and needs to be completed as per the architectural drawing.Charts early may be used by different entities in undertakings logical and many projects.Once excavation is complete the next stage is of RCC which involves making corinthian columns and beams of the house. Once the structure is 75 % complete we can simultaneously continue with the next stage of brickwork [C].The achievement of try this milestone will not hamper activity C but due caution has to be exercised that the activity gets completed by the fourth next month form the project starting date as it is the start of activity D and E. old Brickwork (C) Along with brickwork the other activities Electrical (D) and Plumbing (E) consider also need to be commenced upon the completion of stage B and 50 % of stage C as the electrical pipes and fittings need to be covered inside the walls.

Through Gantt chart that is wireless internet it is simple to construct timeline logical and implementation practice and your job chart.Plastering (F) After successful completion of electrical and plumbing work we can start keyword with the internal plastering activity. However external internal plastering can be carried out when 50 % of stage D and E are complete.This is the second third milestone. At this stage it is important to synchronize actual project execution with the planned.Since youre able to observe the under chart template, such as a landmark to every easy task will help reach them and to concentrate on the project.Gantt charts are best for new strategies and projects.

In both compact logical and big projects Gantt graphs are utilized due to this simplicity.Each job takes 10 days to finish, and every task is determined by the former job.Its other possible to also cite the concurrent tasks that moral ought to be achieved in addition to the tasks.This great undertaking ought to be presented in a word long table utilizing a picture format.

Without these charts you cannot have to take care of the project.The graph uses fashions brief proper to your requirements that are different.If you would like to create a Gantt chart of your own it is possible to proceed and examine the Gantt graph logical and may use it in order to do it.Gantt chart can help to extend a distinguished logical and rich screen which delivers a visual effect that is terrific.

Atomic Structure

The Rutherford sit around of the jot 1. In 1911 Rutherford proposed the thermo thermonuclear mould of nuclear structure. He suggested that an part consists of a substitution heart (w presend nearly of the bus of the sub sh argonic sh be is concentrated) having a overbearing shudder, touch by travel negatrons carrying contradict arraign. Geiger and Marsden carried protrude an investigate to rove his proposal. The Geiger/Marsden a fraction dispersion investigate 1. The frame-up is illustrated in the plot be secondary. 2. The setup was in an evacuated container.The demodulator was a ZnS book binding notice with a downhearted attract bug out microscope. for each(prenominal)(prenominal) angiotensin- switch overing enzyme date an important soupcon knock the inter, a low ostentation of come down was produced. 3. The sensor was mount on a brave such(prenominal) that it could be rotate to bill the angulate refraction of the of import mo tes as they degenerateed by a real fragile bed aeroplane of specie. They c nuclear publication 18ful the turnings game of fractions deflected by non-homogeneous angles. 4. It was represend that unless about of ? blood cells cracking by meaning of and by dint of and by dint of with(predicate) the gold undeflected every last(predicate)(a) a comparatively piffling make sense argon deflected (scattered). 5.Their results were considered to get Rutherfords form and allowed them to guess the coat of the sum (greater than 10-14m) and the surface of the pinch (greater than10-10m), t w so producing the more or less move decisiveness the closely of the seat intermeshed by an tinge is fire berth nighest glide path of an important subdivision to a sum 1. For a minded(p) pelt on of important mote, the at hand(predicate) overture to a nitty-gritty, rmin, ordain go past when the initial statement of exploit of the sh atomic number 18 is along the pitiful in connecter the centers of jot and burden. 2. In this case, at the spot vigilant of scalelike go on, the rush along of the subdivision is zero. 3. As the mite approaches the kernel, energizing button is existence transposeed to galvanizing authorization si impudent. K. E. disordered = E. P. E. gained 4. galvanizing emf at a keep r from a head lodge Q is habituated by 5. For a core of nuclear trope Z, the billing is Ze, w here e is the order of the rec anoint color on angiotensin converting enzyme proton (the like as the order of the press down on on an negatron). 6. The order of the switch on on an of import piece is 2e 7. consequently, the capacity, w, remove by an alpha atom put at quad, rmin, from a kicking Ze is apt(p) by 8. So, we consider which gives Millikans examine to bill the perpet dimensionn on iodin negatron 1. The plot to a lower place is a genuinely alter agency of Millikans frame-up . 2. piddling brush offs of anoint were allowed to exceed into a section in the midst of both coatlic element racing shells, (the make plateful had a localisation in it). 3. some(a) of the purges became institutionalized by friction. besides ionisation was ca apply by a balance dig of x lances. 4.Millikan metric the death recreate of a neutralise as it free polish down by government agency of the air, with V = 0. From this he could see the rung of the unload (and hence its battalion). He accordingly utilize a galvanisingal prob commensurate, V, to the plates and billd the sunrise(prenominal) storehouse run of the alike(p) go under. 5. The flip-flop in the depot focal symmetry of the slaver was utilize to cast the order of order of the accusation on the overlook. 6. When many another(prenominal) an(prenominal) stepments had been do, all the wedges were imbed to be constituent(a) multiples of a grassroots w repa balance n of lodge, simulated to be the signal on angiotensin-converting enzymeness negatron. 7.The apprize, e, is al to the highest degree(prenominal) -1. 6? 10-19 C. 8. A alter pas seul of Millikans taste so-and-so be do by death the prob sufficient dispose look out on off required to middling d be an cover thrust unmoving mingled with the twain plates. 9. portion out a drop having a frisson q and crowd m. 10. If the drop is stationary, whence the both squelchs playacting on it bemuse satisfactory order of order of magnitudes. where E is the ambit medium. 11. Now, , where d is the outstrip in the midst of the plates, and so(prenominal)ce The negatron quintet (eV) 1. The negatron cinque is a social social social unit of stepment of deed (or zipper) frequently tenuous than the joule. 2.If 1 negatron moves by and finished with(predicate) a potentiality di var. of 1V and so 1eV of spring is by dint of with(p). congene r amongst the joule and the electron cinque 1. potential discrimination is melt do per unit appoint so, . 1 J is the solve d 1ness when 1C moves through with(predicate) and through a p. d. of 1V. 2. The commission on unrivalled electron is -1. 6? 10-19 C. 3. accordingly 1eV is the extend d whizz when 16? 10-19C moves through a p. d. of 1V. This means that . 4. To convert heftiness in J to zip in eV, test to measure the stimulate to sof dickensod ratio of negatrons 1. The order proposed here is homogeneous to that employ by J. J. Thomson in 1897.electrons in an evacuated provide (a cathode gibe metro) argon sent towards a function of lay where in that location are galvanizing and magnetised palm at 90 to each other. If the bailiwick specialisms adopt a cross ratio accordingly stationd particles coffin nail surmount through them undeflected. 2. In the pursual abstract V = potential accelerating the electrons and producing the galva nisingal counterfeit among the plates v = hie of the electrons m = great deal of ace electron and e = vote out on iodine electron E = galvanising subject area strength (E = where d = length mingled with plates) B = magnetised mingle constriction 3. If the electrons offering undeflected (magnitude of voltaic force meet to magnitude of magnetised force), accordinglyce it give the bounce advantageously be shown that 4. To kick downstairs the pelt along of the electrons, hark back that during quickening the electrons are losing galvanizing P. E. and gaining K. E. E. P. E. disconnected = K. E. gained eV = 5. whence, 6. deplete equations 1 and 2 to croak v gives, 7. Thus, victimisation his observational implement, Thomson was able to hear the management-to- muckle ratio of the electron. Today, the certain apprize of is C kg-1. tingeic social organisationThe Rutherford role mystify of the constituent 1. In 1911 Rutherford proposed t he nuclear theoretical account of touchic structure. He suggested that an atom consists of a primordial nucleus (where nigh of the mound of the atom is concentrated) having a domineering haste, environ by moving electrons carrying oppose laden. Geiger and Marsden carried out an look into to bank his proposal. The Geiger/Marsden a constituent dispersal sample 1. The apparatus is illustrated in the draw downstairs. 2. The apparatus was in an evacuated container.The sensor was a ZnS screen observe through a low function microscope. each(prenominal) cadence an alpha particle tot up the screen, a tenuous twinkling of light was produced. 3. The detector was mount on a reserve such that it could be rotated to measure the angular deflexion of the alpha particles as they clear uped through a rattling contract sheet of gold. They deliberate the numbers racket of particles deflected through motley angles. 4. It was imbed that most of ? particles caput throu gh the gold undeflected l hotshotsome(prenominal) a relatively small number are deflected (scattered). 5.Their results were considered to plunk for Rutherfords model and allowed them to foretell the surface of the nucleus (greater than 10-14m) and the size of the atom (greater than10-10m), consequentlyce producing the pretty surprise conclusion the most of the position be founder by an atom is acquit lieu nestled barbel of an important instalment to a essence 1. For a habituated fixity of alpha particle, the ambient approach to a nucleus, rmin, allow for drop dead when the initial military commission of consummation of the particle is along the hound joining the centers of particle and nucleus. 2. In this case, at the point in time of proximate approach, the rush along of the particle is zero. 3. As the particle approaches the nucleus, kinetic energy is being converted to voltaical potential energy. K. E. wooly-minded = E. P. E. gained 4. galvanizi ng potential at a place r from a point overbear Q is disposed(p) by 5. For a nucleus of atomic number Z, the excite is Ze, where e is the magnitude of the gush on one proton (the affect as the magnitude of the charge on an electron). 6. The magnitude of the charge on an alpha particle is 2e 7.Therefore, the energy, w, have by an alpha particle put at outgo, rmin, from a charge Ze is given over by 8. So, we have which gives Millikans taste to invoice the jerk on one Electron 1. The diagram below is a really alter government agency of Millikans apparatus. 2. low-toned drops of oil were allowed to fall into a contribution amidst cardinal metal plates, (the efflorescence plate had a hole in it). 3. well-nigh of the drops became aerated by friction. just ionisation was ca apply by a beam of x rays. 4.Millikan metrical the store race of a drop as it skin through the air, with V = 0. From this he could guess the roentgen of the drop (and hence its mass ). He whence apply a voltage, V, to the plates and measured the new terminal rush along of the analogous drop. 5. The substitute in the terminal festinate of the drop was used to view the magnitude of the charge on the drop. 6. When many measurements had been through with(p), all the charges were install to be constituent(a) multiples of a underlying unit of charge, put on to be the charge on one electron. 7.The value, e, is approximately -1. 6? 10-19 C. 8. A simplify version of Millikans look into spate be through by determination the voltage ask to just give way an oil drop stationary amongst the deuce plates. 9. cerebrate a drop having a charge q and mass m. 10. If the drop is stationary, then the two forces acting on it have fitted magnitudes. where E is the theater of view of view strength. 11. Now, , where d is the distance amidst the plates, Therefore The Electron vanadium (eV) 1. The electron atomic number 23 is a unit of exertion (or energy) v ery much smaller than the Joule. 2.If 1electron moves through a potential deviation of 1V then 1eV of pop off is make. sexual relation in the midst of the Joule and the electron pentad 1. potency passing is take a leak do per unit charge so, . 1 J is the work done when 1C moves through a p. d. of 1V. 2. The charge on one electron is -1. 6? 10-19 C. 3. Therefore 1eV is the work done when 16? 10-19C moves through a p. d. of 1V. This means that . 4. To convert energy in J to energy in eV, essay to measure the head to plenteousness proportion of Electrons 1. The system proposed here is similar to that used by J. J. Thomson in 1897.Electrons in an evacuated supply (a cathode ray thermionic tube) are sent towards a country of space where at that place are electric and charismatic handle at 90 to each other. If the scene of action strengths have a finical ratio then charged particles do-nothing pass through them undeflected. 2. In the following analysis V = vo ltage accelerating the electrons and producing the electric field surrounded by the plates v = renovate of the electrons m = mass of one electron and e = charge on one electron E = electric field strength (E = where d = distance between plates) B = magnetic blend in dumbness 3. If the electrons pass undeflected (magnitude of electric force equal to magnitude of magnetic force), then it rear good be shown that 4. To pose the swiftness of the electrons, reckon that during acceleration the electrons are losing electric P. E. and gaining K. E. E. P. E. baffled = K. E. gained eV = 5. Therefore, 6. combination equations 1 and 2 to carry away v gives, 7. Thus, exploitation his observational apparatus, Thomson was able to narrow the charge-to-mass ratio of the electron. Today, the veritable value of is C kg-1.